POSIX

About POSIX

POSIX is a standard specifying source-code compatibility for C99 (up to Issue 7), C17 (from Issue 8), and Bourne-family shell programs. The latest version currently available for free is https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/, with the part on Shell and Utilities being the most important part to read if you want to write shell scripts that will work on more than one system.

An important thing to realise about POSIX is that it generally does not restrict the commands it defines. It defines what features a given command or function should at least implement. To take an example:

POSIX defines a certain set of options for the grep command. GNU grep, and recent versions of BSD grep, include a -o option that output only what matched each pattern, instead of the lines that contained a match. POSIX does not define a -o option, but both grep implementations are POSIX compliant since they implement all the required options and behaviour described by POSIX. This means that if you use grep with the -o option in a script, you can't expect the script to work the same on other POSIX compliant systems. While if you only use options and features described by POSIX, you can expect the script to work on any POSIX compliant system.

It is often claimed that POSIX is a standard for UNIX-like operating systems. Superficially, this seems true, as C and shell are the primary ways of interacting with *NIX systems, but it isn't strictly true. Totally non-UNIXy systems such as IBM z/OS are POSIX certified.

There is also a lot of confusion with the relationship between POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification (SUS), and the UNIX trademark. This article will clarify that.

The POSIX standard

POSIX is published by 3 different organizations; the Open Group, IEEE, and ISO/IEC. The most recent version of POSIX is POSIX-2008, 2016 edition; that is: the 2008 version of POSIX, with the 2016 "Technical Corrigendum 2" (TC2-2016) applied (replacing the 2013 "Technical Corrigendum 1").

The Open Group calls this "C165"; that is standard "C082" (2008) with update "U160" (2016) applied.

IEEE calls this "IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, 2016 Edition"; that is "IEEE Std 1003.1-2008" with "1003.1-2008/Cor 2-2016" applied. Prior to 1997, there were three separate core POSIX documents; 1003.0 for base definitions, 1003.1 for C, and 1003.2 for shell (there were even other non-core documents, such as 1003.5 for Ada). Because of this, you may see references to "POSIX.1" for C things and "POSIX.2" for shell things. However, in 1997, C and shell got rolled into one document.

ISO/IEC calls the base document "ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009", and calls TC2 "ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009/Cor 2:2017".

So, what's up with having 3 versions from different publishers? They are all the same. I don't mean equivalent, I mean the same. As a product of a Open Group/IEEE joint working group, the Austin Group, the Open Group and IEEE publish their versions at the same time; identical documents, except with a differing cover page. Then the IEEE version goes to ISO/IEC where it gets approved (which takes time, hence the 2009 instead of 2008), and they insert 3 new pages before the IEEE cover page (ISO cover page, PDF disclaimer/copyright statement, forward with committee information).

There are other IEEE standards bearing the "POSIX" name, but they are not important (for example, IEEE Std 1387.2-1995, containing some administration utilities).

The POSIX certification

There is a POSIX certification. Getting a product certified allows it to use the POSIX mark in the marketing, and allows it to be listed in the POSIX register. However, the register is pretty empty; the certification requires a (costly) yearly renewal. This certification, contrary to popular myth, does not entitle a system to the UNIX name; the Open Group UNIX certification is required for that.

The Single UNIX Specification

Related to POSIX is the Single Unix Specification (SUS). Back in the day, there were many differences between SUS and POSIX, but today SUS is just POSIX+Curses. SUSv4 is literally a document set (Open Group T101) of two separate documents; Open Group C165 (POSIX-2008, 2016 edition), and Open Group C094 (X/Open Curses, Issue 7). When a new corrigendum comes out, the SUS document set is updated to include the edition of POSIX with it applied, without issuing a new document set number; T101 previously included C138 (POSIX-2008, 2013 edition).

The UNIX certification

There is not a SUS certification; instead, the Open Group has a UNIX certification--but it isn't just testing for compliance with SUS! The Open Group UNIX V7 certification tests for SUSv4, and the UNIX RBAC (Role-Based Access Control; user and group permissions), which isn't in SUS/POSIX.

Similarly to the POSIX certification, there is a register. It is more populated than the POSIX register, but still doesn't have anything listed for UNIX V7; only the previous version, UNIX 03.

Utilities

Links to the various POSIX Issue 8 pages, arranged similar to shellhaters.

CategoryUnix