Diff for "BashFAQ/067"

Differences between revisions 4 and 16 (spanning 12 versions)

How can I trim leading/trailing white space from one of my variables?

There are a few ways to do this. Some involve special tricks that only work with whitespace. Others are more general, and can be used to strip leading zeroes, etc.

Here's one that only works for whitespace. It relies on the fact that read strips all leading and trailing whitespace when IFS isn't set:

   # POSIX, but fails if the variable contains newlines
   read -r var << EOF
   $var
   EOF

Bash can do something similar with a "here string":

   # Bash
   read  -rd '' x <<< "$x"

Using an empty string as a delimiter means the read consumes the whole string, as NUL is used. (Remember: BASH only does C-string variables.) This is entirely safe for any text, including newlines.

Here's a solution using extglob together with parameter expansion:

   # Bash
   shopt -s extglob
   x=${x##+([[:space:]])} x=${x%%+([[:space:]])}

This also works in KornShell, without needing the explicit extglob setting:

   # ksh
   x=${x##+([[:space:]])} x=${x%%+([[:space:]])}

This solution isn't restricted to whitespace like the first few were. You can remove leading zeroes as well:

   # Bash
   shopt -s extglob
   x=${x##+(0)}

Another way to remove leading zeroes from a number in bash is to treat it as an integer, in a math context:

   # Bash
   x=$((10#$x))
   # However, this fails if x contains anything other than digits.

If you need to remove leading zeroes in a POSIX shell, you can use a loop:

   # POSIX
   while true; do
     case "$var" in
       0*) var=${var#0};;
       *)  break;;
     esac
   done

Or this trick (covered in more detail in FAQ #100):

   # POSIX
   zeroes=${var%%[!0]*}
   var=${var#$zeroes}

There are many, many other ways to do this, using sed for instance:

   # POSIX, suppress the trailing and leading whitespace on every line
   x=$(echo "$x" | sed -e 's/^[[:space:]]*//' -e 's/[[:space:]]*$//')

Solutions based on external programs like sed are better suited to trimming large files, rather than shell variables.

-  ⇤ ← Revision 4 as of 2008-05-21 20:52:00 → 
  Size: 1195
  Editor: GreyCat
  Comment: clean up
+   ← Revision 16 as of 2011-06-21 15:20:23 → ⇥
  Size: 2264
  Editor: GreyCat
  Comment: don't bother turning off extglob afterward
-Deletions are marked like this.
+Additions are marked like this.
 Line 1:
-[[Anchor(faq67)]]
+<<Anchor(faq67)>>
 Line 3:
-There are a few ways to do this -- none of them elegant.
+There are a few ways to do this.  Some involve special tricks that only work with whitespace.  Others are more general, and can be used to strip leading zeroes, etc.
 Line 5:
-First, the most portable way would be to use `sed`:
+Here's one that only works for whitespace.  It relies on the fact that `read` strips all leading and trailing whitespace when `IFS` isn't set:
-Line 8:
+Line 7:
-   # POSIX
   x=$(echo "$x" | sed -e 's/^[[:space:]]*//' -e 's/[[:space:]]*$//')
+   # POSIX, but fails if the variable contains newlines
   read -r var << EOF
   $var
   EOF
-Line 12:
+Line 13:
-One can also achieve the same goal using Bash builtins:
+Bash can do something similar with a "here string":
 Line 16:
-   # Remove leading whitespace:
   while [[ $x = [[:space:]]* ]]; do x=${x#[[:space:]]}; done
+   read  -rd '' x <<< "$x"
}}}
Using an empty string as a delimiter means the read consumes the whole string, as NUL is used. (Remember: BASH only does C-string variables.)  This is entirely safe for any text, including newlines.
-Line 19:
+Line 20:
-   # And now trailing:
   while [[ $x = *[[:space:]] ]]; do x=${x%[[:space:]]}; done
}}}

Of course, the preceding example is not optimal, because it removes one character at a time, in a loop (although it's good enough in practice for most purposes).  If you want something a bit fancier, there's a solution using [:glob:extglob]:
+Here's a solution using [[glob|extglob]] together with  [[BashFAQ/073|parameter expansion]]:
-Line 29:
+Line 25:
-   shopt -u extglob
-Line 33:
+Line 28:
-Line 39:
+Line 33:
-There are many, many other ways to do this.  These are not necessarily the best, but they're known to work.
+This solution isn't restricted to whitespace like the first few were.  You can remove leading zeroes as well:
{{{
   # Bash
   shopt -s extglob
   x=${x##+(0)}
}}}

Another way to remove leading zeroes from a number in bash is to treat it as an integer, in a [[ArithmeticExpression|math context]]:
{{{
   # Bash
   x=$((10#$x))
   # However, this fails if x contains anything other than digits.
}}}

If you need to remove leading zeroes in a POSIX shell, you can use a loop:
{{{
   # POSIX
   while true; do
     case "$var" in
       0*) var=${var#0};;
       *)  break;;
     esac
   done
}}}

Or this trick (covered in more detail in [[BashFAQ/100|FAQ #100]]):
{{{
   # POSIX
   zeroes=${var%%[!0]*}
   var=${var#$zeroes}
}}}

There are many, many other ways to do this, using sed for instance:
{{{
   # POSIX, suppress the trailing and leading whitespace on every line
   x=$(echo "$x" | sed -e 's/^[[:space:]]*//' -e 's/[[:space:]]*$//')
}}}
Solutions based on external programs like sed are better suited to trimming large files, rather than shell variables.