3435
Comment: show side-by-side comparison of the three line endings
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3543
add some internal links
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Deletions are marked like this. | Additions are marked like this. |
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which should output the script in one of the variants shown in the ascii table below: {{{ +--------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------+ | LF (unix) | CR-LF (dos/windows) | CR (old mac) | +--------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------+ |command$ |command\r$ |command\r\ranother command\r$ | |$ |\r$ | | |another command$ |another command\r$ | | +--------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------+ }}} |
which should write the script in one of these formats: || '''LF (Unix)''' || '''CR-LF (DOS/Windows)''' || '''CR (Old Mac OS)''' || ||<style="border-bottom:none;"> command$ ||<style="border-bottom:none;"> command\r$ ||<style="border-bottom:none;"> command\r\ranother command\r$ || ||<style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none"> $ ||<style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none;"> \r$ ||<style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none;"> || ||<style="border-top:none;"> another command$ ||<style="border-top:none;"> another command\r$ ||<style="border-top:none;"> || |
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{{{ # Bash / Ksh /Zsh |
{{{#!highlight bash # Bash / Ksh / Zsh |
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if grep -qv $'\r$' < File; then | if grep -qv $'\r$' File; then |
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`ex` is a good standard way to convert CRLF to LF, and probably one of the few reasonable methods for doing it in-place from a script: | `ex` is a good standard way to convert CRLF to LF, and probably one of the few reasonable methods for doing it [[BashFAQ/021#Files|in-place]] from a script: |
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{{{ | {{{#!highlight bash numbers=disable |
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}}} {{{#!highlight bash numbers=disable # Using ed. ed -s file <<< $'%s/\r$//g\nwq' |
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To simply strip all CRs from some input stream, you can use `tr -d '\r' <infile >outfile`. Of course, you must ensure these are not the same file. | To simply strip all CRs from some input stream, you can use `tr -d '\r' <infile >outfile`. Of course, you must ensure these [[BashPitfalls#pf13|are not the same file]]. |
How do I convert a file from DOS format to UNIX format (remove CRs from CR-LF line terminators)?
Carriage return characters (CRs) are used in line ending markers on some systems. There are three different kinds of line endings in common use:
- Unix systems use Line Feeds (LFs) only.
- MS-DOS and Windows systems use CR-LF pairs.
- Old Macintosh systems use CRs only.
If you're running a script on a Unix system, the line endings need to be Unix ones (LFs only), or you will have problems.
Testing for line terminator type
A simple check is to simply look at the output of sed -n l:
sed -n l yourscript
which should write the script in one of these formats:
LF (Unix) |
CR-LF (DOS/Windows) |
CR (Old Mac OS) |
command$ |
command\r$ |
command\r\ranother command\r$ |
$ |
\r$ |
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another command$ |
another command\r$ |
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Another method is to use the file utility if available to guess at the file type:
file yourscript
The output tells you whether the ASCII text has some CR, if that's the case. Note: this is only true on GNU/Linux. On other operating systems, the result of file is unpredictable, except that it should contain the word "text" somewhere in the output if the result "kind of looks like a text file of some sort, maybe".
imadev:~$ printf 'DOS\r\nline endings\r\n' > foo imadev:~$ file foo foo: commands text arc3:~$ file foo foo: ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators
In a script, it's more difficult to say what the most reliable method should be. Anything you do is going to be a heuristic. In theory a non-corrupt file created by a non-broken UNIX utility should only contain LFs, and by a DOS utility, there should be no bare LFs not preceded by a CR.
Converting files
ex is a good standard way to convert CRLF to LF, and probably one of the few reasonable methods for doing it in-place from a script:
# works with vim's ex but not vi's ex
ex -sc $'%s/\r$//e|x' file
# works with vi's ex but not vim's ex
ex -sc $'%s/\r$//|x' file
# Using ed.
ed -s file <<< $'%s/\r$//g\nwq'
Of course, Any of the more powerful dynamic languages to do this with relative ease.
perl -pi -e 's/\r\n/\n/' filename
Some systems have special conversion tools available to do this automatically. dos2unix, recode, and fromdos are some examples.
It be done manually with an editor like nano:
nano -w yourscript
Type Ctrl-O and before confirming, type Alt-D (DOS) or Alt-M (Mac) to change the format.
Or in Vim, use :set fileformat=unix and save with :w. Ensure the value of fenc is correct (probably utf-8).
To simply strip all CRs from some input stream, you can use tr -d '\r' <infile >outfile. Of course, you must ensure these are not the same file.