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| #pragma section-numbers 2 = Bash Pitfalls = This page shows common errors that Bash programmers make. The following examples are all flawed in some way: [[TableOfContents]] == for i in `ls *.mp3` == One of the most common mistakes ["BASH"] programmers make is to write a loop like this: {{{ for i in `ls *.mp3`; do # Wrong! some command $i # Wrong! done}}} This breaks when the user has a file with a space in its name. Why? Because the output of the `ls *.mp3` command substitution undergoes word splitting. Assuming we have a file named {{{01 - Don't Eat the Yellow Snow.mp3}}} in the current directory, the {{{for}}} loop will iterate over each word in the resulting file name (namely: "01", "-", "Don't", "Eat", and so on). You can't double-quote the substitution either: {{{ for i in "`ls *.mp3`"; do # Wrong! ...}}} This causes the entire output of the {{{ls}}} command to be treated as a single word, and instead of iterating over each file name in the output list, the loop will only execute ''once'', with {{{i}}} taking on a value which is the concatenation of all the file names (with spaces between them). In addition to this, the use of {{{ls}}} is just plain unnecessary. It's an external command, which simply isn't needed to do the job. So, what's the right way to do it? {{{ for i in *.mp3; do # Better! But... some command "$i" # ... see Pitfall #2 for more info. done}}} Let Bash expand the list of filenames for you. The expansion will ''not'' be subject to word splitting. Each filename that's matched by the {{{*.mp3}}} pattern will be treated as a separate word, and the loop will iterate once per file name. For more details on this question, please see [wiki:Self:BashFaq#faq20 Bash FAQ #20]. The astute reader will notice the double quotes in the second line. This leads to our second common pitfall. == cp $file $target == What's wrong with the command shown above? Well, nothing, '''if''' you happen to know in advance that {{{$file}}} and {{{$target}}} have no white space in them. But if you don't know that in advance, or if you're paranoid, or if you're just trying to develop good habits, then you should quote your variable references to ''avoid'' having them undergo word splitting. {{{ cp "$file" "$target"}}} Without the double quotes, you'll get a command like {{{cp 01 - Don't Eat the Yellow Snow.mp3 /mnt/usb}}} and then you'll get errors like {{{cp: cannot stat `01': No such file or directory}}}. With the double quotes, all's well, unless "$file" happens to start with a {{{-}}}, in which case {{{cp}}} thinks you're trying to feed it command line options. This isn't really a shell problem, but it often occurs with shell variables. One solution is to insert {{{--}}} between {{{cp}}} and its arguments. That tells it to stop scanning for options, and all is well: {{{ cp -- "$file" "$target"}}} (There may be some incredibly ancient systems in existence, in which the {{{--}}} trick doesn't work. For those, read on....) Another is to ensure that your filenames always begin with a directory (including . for the current directory, if appropriate). For example, if we're in some sort of loop: {{{ for i in ./*.mp3; do cp "$i" /target ...}}} In this case, even if we have a file whose name begins with {{{-}}}, the glob will ensure that the variable always contains something like {{{./-foo.mp3}}}, which is perfectly safe as far as {{{cp}}} is concerned. == [ $foo = "bar" ] == This is very similar to the first part of the previous pitfall, but I repeat it because it's ''so'' important. In the example above, the quotes are in the wrong place. You do ''not'' need to quote a string literal in bash. But you ''should'' quote your variables if you aren't sure whether they could contain white space. This breaks for two reasons: * If a variable referenced in {{{[}}} does not exist, or is blank, then the {{{[}}} command would see the line: {{{ [ $foo = "bar" ]}}} ... as: {{{ [ = "bar" ]}}} ... and throw the error {{{unary operator expected}}}. (The {{{=}}} operator is ''binary'', not unary, so the {{{[}}} command is rather shocked to see it there.) * If the variable contains internal whitespace, then it's split into separate words, before the {{{[}}} command sees it. Thus: {{{ [ multiple words here = "bar" ]}}} While that may look OK to you, it's a syntax error as far as {{{[}}} is concerned. A more correct way to write this would be: {{{ [ "$foo" = bar ] # Pretty close!}}} But this still breaks if {{{$foo}}} begins with a {{{-}}}. In bash, the {{{[[}}} keyword, which embraces and extends the old {{{test}}} command (also known as {{{[}}}), can be used to solve the problem: {{{ [[ $foo = bar ]] # Right!}}} You don't need to quote variable references within {{{[[ ]]}}} because they don't undergo word splitting, and even blank variables will be handled correctly. On the other hand, quoting them won't hurt anything either. You may have seen code like this: {{{ [ x"$foo" = xbar ] # Also right!}}} The {{{x"$foo"}}} hack is required for code that must run on ancient shells which lack {{{[[}}}, because if {{{$foo}}} begins with a {{{-}}}, then the {{{[}}} command may become confused. But you'll get ''really'' tired of having to explain that to everyone else. If the right hand side is a constant, you could just do it this way: {{{ [ bar = "$foo" ] # Also right!}}} {{{[}}} doesn't care whether the token on the right hand side of the {{{=}}} begins with a {{{-}}}. It just uses it literally. == [ "$foo" = bar && "$bar" = foo ] == You can't use {{{&&}}} inside the old {{{test}}} (or {{{[}}}) command. The Bash parser sees {{{&&}}} outside of {{{[[ ]]}}} or {{{(( ))}}} and breaks your command into ''two'' commands, before and after the {{{&&}}}. Use one of these instead: {{{ [ "$foo" = bar -a "$bar" = foo ] # Right! [ "$foo" = bar ] && [ "$bar" = foo ] # Also right! [[ $foo = bar && $bar = foo ]] # Also right!}}} == [[ $foo > 7 ]] == The {{{[[ ]]}}} operator is ''not'' used for an ArithmeticExpression. It's used for strings only. If you want to do a numeric comparison using {{{>}}} or {{{<}}}, you must use {{{(( ))}}} instead: {{{ ((foo > 7)) # Right!}}} If you use the {{{>}}} operator inside {{{[[ ]]}}}, it's treated as a string comparison, ''not'' an integer comparison. This may work sometimes, but it will fail when you least expect it. If you use {{{>}}} inside {{{[ ]}}}, it's even worse: it's an output redirection. You'll get a file named {{{7}}} in your directory, and the test will succeed as long as {{{$foo}}} is not empty. If you're developing for a BourneShell instead of bash, this is the historically correct version: {{{ [ $foo -gt 7 ] # Also right!}}} Note that the {{{test ... -gt}}} command will fail in interesting ways if {{{$foo}}} is not an integer. Therefore, there's not much point in quoting it properly -- if it's got white space, or is empty, or is anything ''other than'' an integer, we're probably going to crash anyway. You'll need to sanitize your input aggressively. == grep foo bar | while read line; do ((count++)); done == The code above looks OK at first glance, doesn't it? Sure, it's just a poor implementation of {{{grep -c}}}, but it's intended as a simplistic example. So why doesn't it work? The variable {{{count}}} will be unchanged after the loop terminates, much to the surprise of Bash developers everywhere. The reason this code does not work as expected is because each command in a pipeline is executed in a separate subshell. The changes to the {{{count}}} variable within the loop's subshell aren't reflected within the parent shell (the script in which the code occurs). For solutions to this, please see [wiki:Self:BashFaq#faq24 Bash FAQ #24]. == if [grep foo myfile] == Many people are confused by the common practice of putting the {{{[}}} command after an {{{if}}}. They see this and convince themselves that the {{{[}}} is part of the {{{if}}} statement's syntax, just like parentheses are used in C's {{{if}}} statement. However, that is ''not'' the case! {{{[}}} is a command, not a syntax marker for the {{{if}}} statement. It's equivalent to the {{{test}}} command, except for the requirement that the final argument must be a {{{]}}}. The syntax of the {{{if}}} statement is as follows: {{{ if COMMANDS then COMMANDS elif COMMANDS # optional then COMMANDS else # optional COMMANDS fi}}} There may be zero or more optional {{{elif}}} sections, and one optional {{{else}}} section. Note: there '''is no [''' in the syntax! Once again, {{{[}}} is a command. It takes arguments, and it produces an exit code. It may produce error messages. It does not, however, produce any standard output. The {{{if}}} statement evaluates the first set of {{{COMMANDS}}} that are given to it (up until {{{then}}}, as the first word of a new command). The exit code of the last command from that set determines whether the {{{if}}} statement will execute the {{{COMMANDS}}} that are in the {{{then}}} section, or move on. If you want to make a decision based on the output of a {{{grep}}} command, you do ''not'' need to enclose it in parentheses, brackets, backticks, or ''any other'' syntax mark-up! Just use grep as the {{{COMMANDS}}} after the {{{if}}}, like this: {{{ if grep foo myfile >/dev/null; then ... fi}}} Note that we discard the standard output of the grep (which would normally include the matching line, if any), because we don't want to ''see'' it -- we just want to know whether it's ''there''. If the {{{grep}}} matches a line from {{{myfile}}}, then the exit code will be 0 (true), and the {{{then}}} clause will be executed. Otherwise, if there is no matching line, the {{{grep}}} should return a non-zero exit code. == if ["$foo"=bar] == As with the previous example, {{{[}}} is a command. Just like with any other command, Bash expects the command to be followed by a space, then the first argument, then another space, etc. You can't just run things all together without putting the spaces in! Here is the correct way: {{{ if [ "$foo" = bar ]}}} Each of {{{"$foo"}}} (after substitution, but without word splitting), {{{=}}}, {{{bar}}} and {{{]}}} is a separate argument to the {{{[}}} command. There must be whitespace between each pair of arguments, so the shell knows where each argument begins and ends. == cat file | sed s/foo/bar/ > file == You '''cannot''' read from a file and write to it in the same pipeline. Depending on what your pipeline does, the file may be clobbered (to 0 bytes, or possibly to a number of bytes equal to the size of your operating system's pipeline buffer), or it may grow until it fills the available disk space, or reaches your operating system's file size limitation, or your quota, etc. If you want to make a change to a file, other than appending to the end of it, there ''must'' be a temporary file created at some point. For example, the following is completely portable: {{{ sed 's/foo/bar/g' file > tmpfile && mv tmpfile file}}} The following will ''only'' work on GNU sed 4.x: {{{ sed -i 's/foo/bar/g' file(s)}}} Note that this also creates a temporary file, and does the same sort of renaming trickery -- it just handles it transparently. And the following equivalent command requires perl 5.x (which is probably more widely available than GNU sed 4.x): {{{ perl -pi -e 's/foo/bar/g' file(s)}}} For more details, please see [wiki:Self:BashFaq#faq21 Bash FAQ #21]. == echo $foo == This relatively innocent-looking command causes ''massive'' confusion. Because the {{{$foo}}} isn't quoted, it will not only be subject to word splitting, but also file globbing. This misleads Bash programmers into thinking their variables ''contain'' the wrong values, when in fact the variables are OK -- it's just the ''echo'' that's messing up their view of what's happening. {{{ MSG="Please enter a file name of the form *.zip" echo $MSG}}} This message is split into words and any globs are expanded, such as the *.zip. What will your users think when they see this message: {{{ Please enter a file name of the form freenfss.zip lw35nfss.zip}}} To demonstrate: {{{ VAR=*.zip # VAR contains an asterisk, a period, and the word "zip" echo "$VAR" # writes *.zip echo $VAR # writes the list of files which end with .zip}}} == $foo=bar == No, you don't assign a variable by putting a {{{$}}} in front of the variable name. This isn't perl. == foo = bar == No, you can't put spaces around the {{{=}}} when assigning to a variable. This isn't C. When you write {{{foo = bar}}} the shell splits it into three words. The first word, {{{foo}}}, is taken as the command name. The second and third become the arguments to that command. Likewise, the following are also wrong: {{{ foo= bar # WRONG! foo =bar # WRONG! $foo = bar; # COMPLETELY WRONG! foo=bar # Right.}}} == echo <<EOF == A here document is a useful tool for embedding large blocks of textual data in a script. It causes a redirection of the lines of text in the script to the standard input of a command. Unfortunately, {{{echo}}} is not a command which reads from stdin. {{{ # This is wrong: echo <<EOF Hello world EOF # This is right: cat <<EOF Hello world EOF}}} == su -c 'some command' == This syntax is ''almost'' correct. The problem is, {{{su}}} takes a {{{-c}}} argument, but it's not the one you want. You want to pass {{{-c 'some command'}}} to a shell, which means you need a username before the {{{-c}}}. {{{ su root -c 'some command' # Now it's right.}}} {{{su}}} assumes a username of root when you omit one, but this falls on its face when you want to pass a command to the shell afterward. You must supply the username in this case. |
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