Diff for "BashFAQ/110"

Differences between revisions 4 and 19 (spanning 15 versions)

Can I use something like templates with bash?

Bash does not have any native way to use templates. However, depending your actually goals may just evaluating the file with an new bash or shell instance could do the trick.

However, this is discussed on the TemplateFiles-Page

-  ⇤ ← Revision 4 as of 2012-03-21 17:33:05 → 
  Size: 5443
  Editor: e36freak
  Comment:
+   ← Revision 19 as of 2012-09-11 07:44:32 → ⇥
  Size: 309
  Editor: dslb-088-072-055-065
  Comment:
-Deletions are marked like this.
+Additions are marked like this.
 Line 2:
-== How can i perform a substitution (s/foo/bar/) safely, without treating either value as a regular expression? ==
Sed is not the right tool for this. At best, it will be an escaping nightmare, and extremely prone to bugs.
+== Can I use something like templates with bash? ==
Bash does not have any native way to use templates. However, depending your actually goals may just evaluating the file with an new bash or shell instance could do the trick.
 Line 5:
-First, what are we performing the substitution on? If it's a string, it can be done very simply with a parameter expansion.

{{{
var='some string'
echo "${var//some/another}"
}}}

This is discussed in more detail in [[BashFAQ/100|Faq #100]].

If it's a file or stream, things get a bit trickier. One way to accomplish this would be to combine the previous method with [[BashFAQ/001|Faq #1]].

{{{
# file
while IFS= read -r line; do
  printf '%s\n' "${line//foo/bar}"
done < file

# command output
while IFS= read -r line; do
  printf '%s\n' "${line//foo/bar}"
done < <(my_command)

my_command | while IFS= read -r line; do
  printf '%s\n' "${line//foo/bar}"
done
}}}

The second of the two command examples there creates a subshell. See [[BashFAQ/024|Faq #24]] for more information on that.

Both of the above examples print to stdout. Neither actually edits the file in place. Of course this could be resolved with something like:
{{{
while IFS= read -r line; do
  printf '%s\n' "${line//foo/bar}"
done < file > new_file && mv new_file file
}}}


On large data sets, you'll notice that this is quite slow.  The following functions use awk, and are quite a bit faster:
{{{
# usage: sub_literal STR REP
# Replaces the first instance (on each line) of STR with REP, treating them as
# literal strings and not regexes. Reads stdin and writes to stdout.
# Similar to sed 's/STR/REP/'

sub_literal() {
  # string manip needed to escape '\'s, so awk doesn't expand '\n' and such
  awk -v str="${1//\\/\\\\}" -v rep="${2//\\/\\\\}" '
    # get the length of the search string
    BEGIN {
      len = length(str);
    }

    # if the search string is in the line
    (i = index($0, str)) {
      # replace the first occurance with rep
      $0 = substr($0, 1, i-1) rep substr($0, i + len);
    }

    # print each line
    1
  '
}

# usage: sub_literal_f STR REP FILE
# Replaces the first instance (on each line) of STR with REP in FILE, treating 
# them as literal strings and not regexes.
# Similar to sed -i 's/STR/REP/' FILE

sub_literal_f() {
  local tmp
  if ! [[ -f $3 && -r $3 && -w $3 ]]; then
    printf '%s does not exist or is not readable or writable\n' "$3" >&2
    return 1
  fi

  trap 'rm -rf "$tmp"' RETURN
  tmp=$(mktemp) && cp "$3" "$tmp" || return

  # string manip needed to escape '\'s, so awk doesn't expand '\n' and such
  awk -v str="${1//\\/\\\\}" -v rep="${2//\\/\\\\}" '
    # get the length of the search string
    BEGIN {
      len = length(str);
    }

    # if the search string is in the line
    (i = index($0, str)) {
      # replace the first occurance with rep
      $0 = substr($0, 1, i-1) rep substr($0, i + len);
    }

    # print each line
    1
  ' "$tmp" > "$3"
}


# usage: gsub_literal STR REP
# Replaces all instances of STR with REP, treating them as literal strings 
# and not regexes. Reads stdin and writes to stdout
# Similar to sed 's/STR/REP/g'

gsub_literal() {
  # string manip needed to escape '\'s, so awk doesn't expand '\n' and such
  awk -v str="${1//\\/\\\\}" -v rep="${2//\\/\\\\}" '
    # get the length of the search string
    BEGIN {
      len = length(str);
    }

    {
      # empty the output string
      out = "";

      # continue looping while the search string is in the line
      while (i = index($0, str)) {
        # append everything up to the search string, and the replacement string
        out = out substr($0, 1, i-1) rep;

        # remove everything up to and including the first instance of the
        # search string from the line
        $0 = substr($0, i + len);
      }

      # append whatever is left
      out = out $0;

      print out;
    }
  '
}

# usage: gsub_literal_f STR REP FILE
# Replaces all instances of STR with REP in FILE, treating them as literal 
# strings and not regexes.
# Similar to sed -i 's/STR/REP/g' FILE

gsub_literal_f() {
  local tmp
  if ! [[ -f $3 && -r $3 && -w $3 ]]; then
    printf '%s does not exist or is not readable or writable\n' "$3" >&2
    return 1
  fi

  trap 'rm -rf "$tmp"' RETURN
  tmp=$(mktemp) && cp "$3" "$tmp" || return

  # string manip needed to escape '\'s, so awk doesn't expand '\n' and such
  awk -v str="${1//\\/\\\\}" -v rep="${2//\\/\\\\}" '
    # get the length of the search string
    BEGIN {
      len = length(str);
    }

    {
      # empty the output string
      out = "";

      # continue looping while the search string is in the line
      while (i = index($0, str)) {
        # append everything up to the search string, and the replacement string
        out = out substr($0, 1, i-1) rep;

        # remove everything up to and including the first instance of the
        # search string from the line
        $0 = substr($0, i + len);
      }

      # append whatever is left
      out = out $0;

      print out;
    }
  ' "$tmp" > "$3"
}
}}}

The mktemp(1) command used in the *_f functions above is not completely portable. While it will work on most systems, more information on safely creating temp files can be found in [[BashFAQ/062|Faq #62.]]
+However, this is discussed on the [[TemplateFiles]]-Page