Differences between revisions 3 and 4
Revision 3 as of 2012-02-06 19:05:04
Size: 2871
Editor: GreyCat
Comment: clean up eval section (provide traditional solutions as well, link to FAQ 48)
Revision 4 as of 2013-03-08 13:03:24
Size: 2728
Editor: ormaaj
Comment: Fix the eval example for POSIX. Remove the word splitting example. We don't need to encourage that.
Deletions are marked like this. Additions are marked like this.
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$ unset foo $ unset -v foo
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There are some special cases in Bash where understanding this can be useful. Take the following examples: There are some special cases in Bash where understanding this can be useful. Take the following example:
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  Array1=( "Var 1" "Var 2" "Var 3" "Var 4" )   Array1=('Var 1' 'Var 2' 'Var 3' 'Var 4')
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  IFS=";"
  JoinedVariable="${Array1[*]}"
  unset IFS
  IFS=\;
  joinedVariable=${arr[*]}
  unset -v IFS
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  IFS=";" eval 'JoinedVariable="${Array1[*]}"'   IFS=\; command eval 'JoinedVariable=${arr[*]}'
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Here, the `eval` alternative is simpler and more elegant. Appropriate care must be taken [[BashFAQ/048|to ensure safety when using eval]].

{{{
  # split the string at ";"
  # Traditional solution, using read with temporary IFS value
  IFS=";" read -ra Array2 <<< "$JoinedVariable"

  # Alternative, using eval with temporary IFS value and set -f/+f
  set -f
  IFS=";" eval 'Array2=(${JoinedVariable})'
  set +f
}}}

We need `set -f` to prevent [[glob]] expansion of the fields of the `JoinedVariable`. `set +f` restores globbing after we're done. In this case, the `eval` alternative didn't really help us any; in fact, it's quite a bit worse, as we must assume that the script wants globbing enabled.
Here, the `eval` alternative is simpler and more elegant. Appropriate care must be taken [[BashFAQ/048|to ensure safety when using eval]]. The `command` prefix is required for all shells other than Bash plus Bash POSIX mode (see [[http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/commands/builtin/eval#using_the_environment]]). This won't work in recent versions of zsh due to an apparent regression (documented behavior broken for `setopt POSIX_BUILTINS`), or busybox due to a bug in that environment assignments fail to propagate in this case. (feel free to file bugs if anybody cares enough.)

Why doesn't foo=bar echo "$foo" print bar?

This is subtle, and has to do with the exact order in which the BashParser performs each step.

Many people, when they first learn about var=value command and how it temporarily sets a variable for the duration of a command, eventually work up an example like this one and become confused why it doesn't do what they expect.

As an illustration:

$ unset foo
$ foo=bar echo "$foo"

$ echo "$foo"

$ foo=bar; echo "$foo"
bar

The reason the first one prints a blank line is because of the order of these steps:

  • The parameter expansion of $foo is done first. An empty string is substituted for the quoted expression.

  • After that, Bash sets up a temporary environment and puts foo=bar in it.

  • The echo command is run, with an empty string as an argument, and foo=bar in its environment. But since echo doesn't care about environment variables, it ignores that.

This version works as we expect:

$ unset -v foo
$ foo=bar bash -c 'echo "$foo"'
bar

In this case, the following steps are performed:

  • A temporary environment is set up with foo=bar in it.

  • bash is invoked within that environment, and given -c and echo "$foo" as its two arguments.

  • The child Bash process expands the $foo using the value from the environment and hands that value to echo.

It's not entirely clear, in all cases, why people ask us this question. Mostly they seem to be curious about the behavior, rather than trying to solve a specific problem; so I won't try to give any examples of "the right way to do things like this", since there's no real problem to solve.

There are some special cases in Bash where understanding this can be useful. Take the following example:

  Array1=('Var 1' 'Var 2' 'Var 3' 'Var 4')

  # join each array element with a ";"
  # Traditional solution: set IFS, then unset it afterward
  IFS=\;
  joinedVariable=${arr[*]}
  unset -v IFS

  # Alternative solution: temporarily set IFS for the duration of eval
  IFS=\; command eval 'JoinedVariable=${arr[*]}'

Here, the eval alternative is simpler and more elegant. Appropriate care must be taken to ensure safety when using eval. The command prefix is required for all shells other than Bash plus Bash POSIX mode (see http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/commands/builtin/eval#using_the_environment). This won't work in recent versions of zsh due to an apparent regression (documented behavior broken for setopt POSIX_BUILTINS), or busybox due to a bug in that environment assignments fail to propagate in this case. (feel free to file bugs if anybody cares enough.)

BashFAQ/104 (last edited 2022-08-01 14:45:16 by emanuele6)