Diff for "BashFAQ/030"

Anchor(faq30)

How can I rename all my *.foo files to *.bar, or convert spaces to underscores, or convert upper-case file names to lower case?

Some GNU/Linux distributions have a rename(1) command, which you can use for the former; however, the syntax differs from one distribution to the next, so it's not a portable answer. Consult your system's man pages if you want to learn how to use yours, if you have one at all. It's often perfectly good for one-shot interactive renames, just not in portable scripts. We don't include any rename(1) examples here because it's too confusing -- there are two common versions of it and they're totally incompatible with each other.

You can do mass renames in POSIX shells with [:BashFAQ#faq73:Parameter Expansion], like this:

for f in *.foo; do mv "$f" "${f%.foo}.bar"; done

Here's a similar example, this time replacing spaces in filenames with underscores:

for f in *\ *; do mv "$f" "${f// /_}"; done

This invokes the external command mv once for each file, so it may not be as efficient as some of the rename implementations.

If you want to do it recursively, then it becomes much more challenging. This example for renaming *.foo to *.bar works (in ["BASH"]) as long as no files have newlines in their names:

find . -name '*.foo' -print | while IFS=$'\n' read -r f; do
  mv "$f" "${f%.foo}.bar"
done

For more techniques on dealing with files with inconvenient characters in their names, see [:BashFAQ#faq20:FAQ #20].

To convert filenames to lower case:

# tolower - convert file names to lower case

for file in *
do
    [ -f "$file" ] || continue                # ignore non-existing names
    newname=$(echo "$file" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')     # lower case
    [ "$file" = "$newname" ] && continue      # nothing to do
    [ -f "$newname" ] && continue             # don't overwrite existing files
    mv "$file" "$newname"
done

We use the fancy range notation, because tr can behave very strangely when using the A-Z range on some systems:

imadev:~$ echo Hello | tr A-Z a-z
hÉMMÓ

To make sure you aren't caught by surprise when using tr with ranges, either use the fancy range notations, or set your locale to C.

imadev:~$ echo Hello | LC_ALL=C tr A-Z a-z
hello
imadev:~$ echo Hello | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
hello
# Either way is fine here.

Or, if you have the utility mmv(1) on your machine, you could simply do:

# convert all filenames to lowercase
mmv "*" "#l1"

This technique can also be used to replace all unwanted characters in a file name e.g. with '_' (underscore). The script is the same as above, only the "newname=..." line has changed.

# renamefiles - rename files whose name contain unusual characters
# Portable version.
for file in *
do
    [ -f "$file" ] || continue            # ignore non-regular files, etc.
    newname=$(echo "$file" | sed 's/[^a-zA-Z0-9_.]/_/g')
    [ "$file" = "$newname" ] && continue  # nothing to do
    [ -f "$newname" ] && continue         # do not overwrite existing files
    mv "$file" "$newname"
done

The character class in [] contains all allowed characters; modify it as needed.

Here's an example that does the same thing, but this time using Parameter Expansion instead:

# renamefiles (more efficient, less portable version)
for file in *; do
   [ -f "$file" ] || continue
   newname=${f//[^a-zA-Z0-9_.]/_}
   [ "$file" = "$newname" ] && continue
   [ -f "$newname" ] && continue
   mv "$file" "$newname"
done