Diff for "BashFAQ/030"

How can I rename all my *.foo files to *.bar, or convert spaces to underscores, or convert upper-case file names to lower case?

Some GNU/Linux distributions have a rename(1) command, which you can use for the former; however, the syntax differs from one distribution to the next, so it's not a portable answer....

Consult your system's man pages if you want to learn how to use your rename command, if you have one at all. It's often perfectly good for one-shot interactive renames, just not in portable scripts. We don't include any rename examples here because it's too confusing -- there are two common versions of it and they're totally incompatible with each other.

You can do mass renames with Parameter Expansion, like this:

# POSIX
# Rename all *.foo to *.bar
for f in *.foo; do mv -- "$f" "${f%.foo}.bar"; done

The "--" is to protect from problematic filenames that begin with "-". Here's a similar example, this time replacing spaces in filenames with underscores:

# Bash
# Replace all spaces with underscores
for f in *\ *; do mv -- "$f" "${f// /_}"; done

This invokes the external command mv(1) once for each file, so it may not be as efficient as some of the rename implementations.

If you want to do it recursively, then it becomes much more challenging. This example renames *.foo to *.bar:

# Bash
# Also requires GNU or BSD find(1)
# Recursively change all *.foo files to *.bar

find . -type f -name '*.foo' -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d '' f; do
  mv -- "$f" "${f%.foo}.bar"
done

For more techniques on dealing with files with inconvenient characters in their names, see FAQ #20.

The trickiest part of recursive renames is ensuring that you do not change the directory component of a pathname, because something like this is doomed to failure:

mv "./FOO/BAR/FILE.TXT" "./foo/bar/file.txt"

Therefore, any recursive renaming command should only change the filename component of each pathname. If you need to rename the directories as well, those should be done separately. Furthermore, recursive directory renaming should either be done depth-first (changing only the last component of the directory name in each instance), or in several passes. Depth-first works better in the general case.

Here's an example script that uses depth-first recursion (changes spaces in names to underscores, but you just need to change the ren() function to do anything you want) to rename both files and directories (again, it's easy to modify to make it act only on files or only on directories, or to act only on files with a certain extension, to avoid or force overwriting files, etc.):

# Bash
ren() {
  local newname
  newname=${1// /_}
  [ "$1" != "$newname" ] && mv -- "$1" "$newname"
}

traverse() {
  local i
  cd -- "$1" || exit 1
  for i in *; do
    [ -d "$i" ] && traverse "$i"
    ren "$i"
  done
  cd .. || exit 1
}

# main program
shopt -s nullglob
traverse /path/to/startdir

Here is another way to recursively rename all directories and files with spaces in their names:

find . -depth -name "* *" -exec bash -c 'dir=${1%/*} base=${1##*/}; mv "$1" "$dir/${base// /_}"' _ {} \;

or, if your version of find accepts it, this is more efficient as it runs one bash for many files instead of one bash per file:

find . -depth -name "* *" -exec bash -c 'for f; do dir=${1%/*} base=${f##*/}; mv "$f" "$dir/${base// /_}"; done' _ {} +

To convert filenames to lower case, if you have the utility mmv(1) on your machine, you could simply do:

# convert all filenames to lowercase
mmv "*" "#l1"

Otherwise, you need something that can take a mixed-case filename as input and give back the lowercase version as output. In Bash 4 and higher, there is a parameter expansion that can do it:

# Bash 4
for f in *[[:upper:]]*; do mv -- "$f" "${f,,*}"; done

Otherwise, tr(1) may be helpful:

# tolower - convert file names to lower case
# POSIX
for file in "$@"
do
    [ -f "$file" ] || continue                # ignore non-existing names
    newname=$(echo "$file" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')     # lower case
    [ "$file" = "$newname" ] && continue      # nothing to do
    [ -f "$newname" ] && continue             # don't overwrite existing files
    mv -- "$file" "$newname"
done

We use the fancy range notation, because tr can behave very strangely when using the A-Z range on some locales:

imadev:~$ echo Hello | tr A-Z a-z
hÉMMÓ

To make sure you aren't caught by surprise when using tr with ranges, either use the fancy range notations, or set your locale to C.

imadev:~$ echo Hello | LC_ALL=C tr A-Z a-z
hello
imadev:~$ echo Hello | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
hello
# Either way is fine here.

This technique can also be used to replace all unwanted characters in a file name, e.g. with '_' (underscore). The script is the same as above, with only the "newname=..." line changed.

# renamefiles - rename files whose name contain unusual characters
# POSIX
for file in "$@"
do
    [ -f "$file" ] || continue            # ignore non-regular files, etc.
    newname=$(echo "$file" | sed 's/[^[:alnum:]_.]/_/g')
    [ "$file" = "$newname" ] && continue  # nothing to do
    [ -f "$newname" ] && continue         # do not overwrite existing files
    mv -- "$file" "$newname"
done

The character class in [] contains all the characters we want to keep (after the ^); modify it as needed. The [:alnum:] range stands for all the letters and digits of the current locale.

Here's an example that does the same thing, but this time using Parameter Expansion instead of sed:

# renamefiles (more efficient, less portable version)
# Bash
for file in "$@"; do
   [ -f "$file" ] || continue
   newname=${f//[^[:alnum:]_.]/_}
   [ "$file" = "$newname" ] && continue
   [ -f "$newname" ] && continue
   mv -- "$file" "$newname"
done

It should be noted that all these examples contain a race condition -- an existing file could be overwritten if it is created in between the [ -f "$newname" ... and mv "$file" ... commands. Solving this issue is beyond the scope of this page, however.

One final note about changing the case of filenames: on many DOS/Windows-based file systems (FAT/FAT32 at least), it is not possible to rename a file to its lowercase or uppercase equivalent. (This applies to Cygwin, as well as to Linux systems which have mounted Windows file systems, and possibly many other setups.) Files on FAT file systems retain the case with which they were originally created, but any reference to the same name with a different case is mapped back to the already-existing file. Thus, for example:

mv README Readme    # fails on FAT file systems

The workaround for this is to rename the file twice: first to a temporary name which is completely different from the original name, then to the desired name.

mv README tempfilename &&
mv tempfilename Readme

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