Diff for "BashFAQ/022"

Differences between revisions 1 and 44 (spanning 43 versions)

How can I calculate with floating point numbers instead of just integers?

BASH does not have built-in floating point arithmetic:

    $ echo $((10/3))
    3

Bash cannot do anything with floating point numbers, including compare them to each other(*). Instead, an external program must be used, e.g. bc, awk or dc:

    $ echo "scale=3; 10/3" | bc
    3.333

The "scale=3" command notifies bc that three digits of precision after the decimal point are required.

If you are trying to compare floating point numbers, be aware that a simple x < y is not supported by all versions of bc.

    # This would work with some versions, but not HP-UX 10.20.
    # The here string feature, inherited from rc->zsh->ksh93 was
    # introduced in bash 2.05b-alpha1
    imadev:~$ bc <<< '1 < 2'
    syntax error on line 1,

Alternatively, you could use this:

    # Bash
    if [[ $(bc <<< "1.4 - 2.5") = -* ]]; then
        echo "1.4 is less than 2.5."
    fi

This example subtracts 2.5 from 1.4, and checks the sign of the result. If it is negative, the first number is less than the second.

Portable version:

    # Bourne
    case "`echo "1.4 - 2.5" | bc`" in
      -*) echo "1.4 is less than 2.5";;
    esac

AWK can be used for calculations, too:

    $ awk 'BEGIN {printf "%.3f\n", 10 / 3}'
    3.333

There is a subtle but important difference between the bc and the awk solution here: bc reads commands and expressions from standard input. awk on the other hand evaluates the expression as part of the program. Expressions on standard input are not evaluated, i.e. echo 10/3 | awk '{print $0}' will print 10/3 instead of the evaluated result of the expression.

Newer versions of zsh and the KornShell have built-in floating point arithmetic, together with mathematical functions like sin() or cos() .

(*)Actually, I lied. It can print them, using printf and one of the %e or %f or %g format strings. But that's all.

-  ⇤ ← Revision 1 as of 2007-05-02 23:08:44 → 
  Size: 1939
  Editor: redondos
  Comment:
+   ← Revision 44 as of 2008-12-06 18:00:42 → ⇥
  Size: 2210
  Editor: GreyCat
  Comment: spam
-Deletions are marked like this.
+Additions are marked like this.
 Line 1:
-[[Anchor(faq22)]]
+<<Anchor(faq22)>>
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-["BASH"] does not have built-in floating point arithmetic:
+[[BASH]] does not have built-in floating point [[ArithmeticExpression|arithmetic]]:
 Line 10:
-For better precision, an external program must be used, e.g. {{{bc}}}, {{{awk}}} or {{{dc}}}:
+Bash cannot do ''anything'' with floating point numbers, ''including'' compare them to each other(*).  Instead, an external program must be used, e.g. {{{bc}}}, {{{awk}}} or {{{dc}}}:
 Line 19:
-If you are trying to compare floating point numbers, be aware that a simple ''x < y'' is not supported by all versions of {{{bc}}}. Alternatively, you could use this:
+If you are trying to compare floating point numbers, be aware that a simple ''x < y'' is not supported by all versions of {{{bc}}}.
 Line 22:
+    # This would work with some versions, but not HP-UX 10.20.
    # The here string feature, inherited from rc->zsh->ksh93 was
    # introduced in bash 2.05b-alpha1
    imadev:~$ bc <<< '1 < 2'
    syntax error on line 1,
}}}

Alternatively, you could use this:

{{{
    # Bash
-Line 27:
+Line 38:
-This example substracts 2.5 from 1.4, and checks the sign of the result. If it is negative, the former number is less than the latter.
+This example subtracts 2.5 from 1.4, and checks the sign of the result. If it is negative, the first number is less than the second.
-Line 29:
+Line 40:
-{{{awk}}} can be used for calculations, too:
+Portable version:
-Line 32:
+Line 43:
-    $ awk 'BEGIN {printf "%.3f\n", 10 / 3}' /dev/null
+    # Bourne
    case "`echo "1.4 - 2.5" | bc`" in
      -*) echo "1.4 is less than 2.5";;
    esac
}}}

[[AWK]] can be used for calculations, too:

{{{
    $ awk 'BEGIN {printf "%.3f\n", 10 / 3}'
-Line 36:
+Line 56:
-There is a subtle but important difference between the {{{bc}}} and the {{{awk}}} solution here: {{{bc}}} reads commands and expressions ''from standard input''. {{{awk}}} on the other hand evaluates the expression as ''part of the program''. Expressions on standard input are ''not'' evaluated, i.e. {{{echo 10/3 | awk '{print $0}'}}} will print {{{10/3}}} instead of the evaluated result of the expression.
+There is a subtle but important difference between the {{{bc}}} and the {{{awk}}} solution here: {{{bc}}} reads commands and expressions from ''standard input''. {{{awk}}} on the other hand evaluates the expression as ''part of the program''. Expressions on standard input are ''not'' evaluated, i.e. {{{echo 10/3 | awk '{print $0}'}}} will print {{{10/3}}} instead of the evaluated result of the expression.
-Line 38:
+Line 58:
-This explains why the example uses {{{/dev/null}}} as an input file for {{{awk}}}: the program evaluates the {{{BEGIN}}} action, evaluating the expression and printing the result. Afterwards the work is already done: it reads its standard input, gets an end-of-file indication, and terminates. If no file had been specified, {{{awk}}} would wait for data on standard input.
+Newer versions of zsh and the KornShell have built-in floating point arithmetic, together with mathematical functions like {{{sin()}}} or {{{cos()}}} .
-Line 40:
+Line 60:
-Newer versions of KornShell93 have built-in floating point arithmetic, together with mathematical functions like {{{sin()}}} or {{{cos()}}} .
+(*)Actually, I lied.  It can print them, using {{{printf}}} and one of the {{{%e}}} or {{{%f}}} or {{{%g}}} format strings.  But that's all.