How do I create a progress bar? How do I see a progress indicator when copying/moving files?

The easiest way to add a progress bar to your own script is to use dialog --gauge. Here is an example, which relies heavily on BASH features:

# Bash
# Process all of the *.zip files in the current directory.
files=(*.zip)
dialog --gauge "Working..." 20 75 < <(
   n=${#files[*]}; i=0
   for f in "${files[@]}"; do
      # process "$f" in some way (for testing, "sleep 1")
      echo $((100*(++i)/n))
   done
)

Here's an explanation of what it's doing:

For more examples of using dialog, see FAQ #40.

A simple progress bar can also be programmed without dialog. There are lots of different approaches, depending on what kind of presentation you're looking for.

One traditional approach is the spinner which shows a whirling line segment to indicate "busy". This is not really a "progress meter" since there is no information presented about how close the program is to completion.

The next step up is presenting a numeric value without scrolling the screen. Using a carriage return to move the cursor to the beginning of the line (on a graphical terminal, not a teletype...), and not writing a newline until the very end:

i=0
while ((i < 100)); do
  printf "\r%3d%% complete" $i
  ((i += RANDOM%5+2))
  # Of course, in real life, we'd be getting i from somewhere meaningful.
  sleep 1
done
echo

Of note here is the %3d in the printf format specifier. It's important to use a fixed-width field for displaying the numbers, especially if the numbers may count downward (first displaying 10 and then 9). Of course we're counting upwards here, but that may not always be the case in general. If a fixed-width field is not desired, then printing a bunch of spaces at the end may help remove any clutter from previous lines.

If an actual "bar" is desired, rather than a number, then one may be drawn using ASCII characters:

bar="=================================================="
barlength=${#bar}
i=0
while ((i < 100)); do
  # Number of bar segments to draw.
  n=$((i*barlength / 100))
  printf "\r[%-${barlength}s]" "${bar:0:n}"
  ((i += RANDOM%5+2))
  # Of course, in real life, we'd be getting i from somewhere meaningful.
  sleep 1
done
echo

Naturally one may choose a bar of a different length, or composed of a different set of characters....

When copying/moving files

You can't get a progress indicator with cp(1), but you can either:

You may want to use pv(1) since it's packaged for many systems. In that case, it's convenient if you create a function or script to wrap it.

For example:

pv "$1" > "$2/${1##*/}"

This lacks error checking and support for moving files.

you can also use rsync:

rsync -avx --progress --stats "$1" "$2"

Please note that the "total" of files can change each time rsync enters a directory and finds more/less files that it expected, but at least is more info than cp. Rsync progress is good for big transfers with small files.