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| [[Anchor(faq21)]] == How can I replace a string with another string in all files? == {{{sed}}} is a good command to replace strings, e.g. {{{ sed 's/olddomain\.com/newdomain.com/g' input > output }}} To replace a string in all files of the current directory: {{{ for i in *; do sed 's/old/new/g' "$i" > atempfile && mv atempfile "$i" done }}} GNU sed 4.x has a special {{{-i}}} flag which makes the loop and temp file unnecessary: {{{ sed -i 's/old/new/g' * }}} On some (but not all) BSD systems, sed has a {{{-i}}} flag as well, but it takes a mandatory argument. The above example then becomes {{{ sed -i '' 's/old/new/g' * }}} which in turn does not work with GNU sed. Effectively, whenever portability matters, {{{sed -i}}} should be avoided. Those of you who have perl 5 can accomplish the same thing using this code: {{{ perl -pi -e 's/old/new/g' * }}} Recursively (requires GNU or BSD {{{find}}}): {{{ find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 perl -pi -e 's/old/new/g' }}} If you want to delete lines instead of making substitutions: {{{ perl -ni -e 'print unless /foo/' * # Deletes any line containing the perl regex foo }}} To replace for example all "unsigned" with "unsigned long", if it is not "unsigned int" or "unsigned long" ...: {{{ find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 perl -i.bak -pne \ 's/\bunsigned\b(?!\s+(int|short|long|char))/unsigned long/g' }}} Finally, for those of you with ''none'' of the useful things above, here's a script that may be useful: {{{ #!/bin/sh # chtext - change text in several files # neither string may contain '|' unquoted old='olddomain\.com' new='newdomain\.com' # if no files were specified on the command line, use all files: [ $# -lt 1 ] && set -- * for file do [ -f "$file" ] || continue # do not process e.g. directories [ -r "$file" ] || continue # cannot read file - ignore it # Replace string, write output to temporary file. Terminate script in case of errors sed "s|$old|$new|g" "$file" > "$file"-new || exit # If the file has changed, overwrite original file. Otherwise remove copy if cmp "$file" "$file"-new >/dev/null 2>&1 then rm "$file"-new # file has not changed else mv "$file"-new "$file" # file has changed: overwrite original file fi done }}} If the code above is put into a script file (e.g. {{{chtext}}}), the resulting script can be used to change a text e.g. in all HTML files of the current and all subdirectories: {{{ find . -type f -name '*.html' -exec chtext {} \; }}} Many optimizations are possible: * use another {{{sed}}} separator character than '|', e.g. ^A (ASCII 1) * the [:UsingFind:find] command above could use either {{{xargs}}} or the built-in {{{xargs}}} of POSIX find Note: {{{set -- *}}} in the code above is safe with respect to files whose names contain spaces. The expansion of * by {{{set}}} is the same as the expansion done by {{{for}}}, and filenames will be preserved properly as individual parameters, and not broken into words on whitespace. A more sophisticated example of {{{chtext}}} is here: http://www.shelldorado.com/scripts/cmds/chtext |
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